Advances in Integrated Water Resources Management for Agriculture in Rural India

Integrated water resources management is therefore a systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social, economic and environmental objectives. Contamination of surface and groundwater resources is agriculture in rural India with wastewater entering fresh water bodies or seeping into groundwater. An integrated approach is needed to manage the water and wastewater treatment so that water supply is kept clean and wastewater is recycled for beneficial use in agriculture and industry. A country’s need for water resource management varies according to its characteristics –its geography, climate, size, population, political and cultural systems, level of development, and the nature of its water resource problems. Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as population growth and currently one third of the world's population live in countries that experience medium to high water stress;   Pollution is further enhancing water scarcity by reducing water usability downstream. The main objective of this article was to show an image of the scientific production related to integrate Water Resources Management by using the comparative study of the documents. This paper presented a study that was completed for the advances in integrated water resources treatment and management which will be recycled after secondary treatment for beneficial use by farmer for agriculture and other subsidiary occupation in rural India. The paper concludes that every drop of wastewater for agriculture and other subsidiary occupation in rural area of India should be recycled for reuse so that it does not contaminate our drinking water supplies and conserves scarce water resources for satisfying the thirst of the entire population.

Innovation of Market Led Extension in India

This Review paper is more focused on innovation and reform of the market led system in India because the farm extension program in India is at the core of its growth. The Indian Extension System has evolved over the last 50 years to represent domestic priorities. In the beginning, extension worked to achieve large rural development. But the food shortages that began in the late 1950s have re-energized attempts to expand food and food security. The combination of the late 1960s Green Revolution technology and the mid-1970s Training and Visit (T&V) Extension enabled India to achieve food self-sufficiency in the 1980s1990s. At the same time, the rural poor continue to have persistent problems with malnutrition and poverty. Therefore, with the assistance of the World Bank, the government of India has planned and piloted a new extension strategy to decentralize the extension scheme and refocus it on agricultural diversification and thus make it market-oriented. Only when the ends are the object of the means can agricultural sustainability be accomplished. This does not only include safe production in terms of awareness of future generation needs but also builds the capacity of the agricultural system to increase productivity cum profit maximization by means of the new trend of extension services. Under the WTO, market globalization requires farmers at all levels to transform themselves from domestic production and sales to producer cum sales on the broader market to achieve optimal returns on investments. The need for a market-led approach is necessary due to the paradigm shift in the current agricultural scenarios, which call for the sector to be converted into a profitable business.

Sustainable livelihoods under Climate Change in India

Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment, from shifting weather patterns that threaten food production. The global development community is looking for new solutions to traditional livelihood issues such as economic stagnation, persistent poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and illness, as well as newer challenges like environmental degradation and globalisation. One key approach that has received growing attention is the concept of sustainable livelihood under climate change. Meanwhile, the threat of global climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to humanity. While climate change is important in the long run, it is crucial to recognise that (especially for the developing countries) there are a number of other development issues that affect human welfare more immediately  such as hunger and malnutrition, poverty, health, and pressing local environmental issues. Climate change and sustainable livelihood interact in a circular fashion. Climate change will have an impact on prospects for sustainable livelihood development, and in turn, alternative development paths will certainly affect future climate change. Seen from the development viewpoint, climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation are the main elements of concern. From the climate perspective, development pathways also determine emission levels, and they have implications for mitigation strategies as well. We have adopted an integrated approach of climate smart farming and a locally-relevant mix of non-farm livelihoods. This helps attain production resilience and diversification of livelihoods in order that rural households can cope with production and risks. The key aspects cover domain interventions for enhancing livelihoods and productivity in an inclusive, participatory manner as well as initiatives to create and strengthen.